General Business and Finance Blog

Starting a new business can be a stressful time in any circumstance and more people than ever are turning to successful franchising opportunities as an alternative to the ordinary process of starting a business. The secrets to successful franchising are not especially difficult to master, and they all begin by an entrepreneur doing their homework in selecting an advantageous franchising plan that is best suited for business success. Just as their are many prosperous franchising opportunities to be had, there are also a number of parent companies that are concerned with lining their own pockets and have little interest in the success of their new partners. The secrets to successful franchising are to thoroughly research every aspect of the new business and understand what is expected to enable success in terms of both effort and financial commitment.

The most basic of the secrets to successful franchising is to find a parent company that has a long track record of creating profitable franchises, with ongoing support and a stellar reputation in the business community. Listen attentively to their sales pitch and then research the business on your own – if there are vast discrepancies made between what was stated to you and what is factual from your research, be very cautious in proceeding. Most successful franchising opportunities do not need to exaggerate their positive aspects, simply because they produce results in black and white statistics. Ask the company representative for vital statistics, and ask to speak with other franchise owners.

Another important secret to successful franchising is to be clear on your financial obligation, especially in the area of operating capital and ongoing franchise royalty fees. Many new franchises fail in their first two years because they are under-capitalized to start, and do not grasp the burden of excessive franchise royalties on their profit margin. Yet another secret to successful franchising is to understand the business you are entering into thoroughly and establish a team to guide your new franchise to profitability. In this area, forming a good working relationship with the parent company is critical as many issues that are problematic to new franchises can be avoided with the proper guidance of a good mentor.

The most important secret to successful franchising is to have a complete and honest understanding of your own capabilities and work ethic. An entrepreneur that is not willing or able to give the franchise the effort that is necessary to enable success is doomed to failure, and the entirety of the initial investment lost forever.

Franchising is the best way to enter the business world. From top franchise business owners, you get the support to understand a business module and how to run it in a successful way. Even though the concept of franchising is popular, yet there are certain erroneous beliefs about this business concept which at times mislead investors and entrepreneurs for investing in any top franchise business.  Here are certain myths related to franchise opportunities and the actual fact behind it.

Myth – Anyone can enjoy success in a franchise business

Actual fact – Investing in a franchise business is a good option to enjoy success in business. But, remember success is never guaranteed. For the success of any business there are many factors responsible for it like market saturation, training, support, location, the economy, and how hard you are working to make your business successful.

Myth – Franchising is best way to earn money

Actual fact – To make a franchise business profitable, both time and dedication is required. Thus, if you think that just investing money in a franchise business will make you richer, then you are having a wrong approach. You need to treat a franchise business as your own and put in hours of hard work in order to make it successful.

Myth – Investing in top franchise concept means success

Actual fact – Going for an established and easily recognizable top franchise options has got many benefits. But this never means that you will enjoy success. A lot depends on the kind of training and on-going support you will receive from the franchisor. Only when you will able to offer quality services to your customers, success will come in your way.

Myth – High cost franchise means higher return

Actual fact – Higher investment in franchise business does not guarantee higher returns. It has been found that high-cost franchise opportunities at time may get you less money as compared to a low cost franchise business. 

Myth – Franchising business is less expensive

Actual fact – The startup costs for starting a franchise and starting your own business from scratch are often the same. Remember in a franchise business you need to invest money in an appropriate location plus you need to pay franchise fees and royalties to the franchisor for using their trademark and business model.

Myth – In franchising you will be your own boss

Actual fact – Certain amount of freedom and flexibility is there in a franchise business but remember you will always need to work within the company system and follow the pre-set standards for wages, suppliers, the price of the products, norms related to working hours and so on.

Myth – I don’t need any help from a lawyer to start a franchise business

Actual fact – For starting a franchise business, a legal contract is signed between the franchisor and a franchisee. To ensure you understand all legal and financial liabilities it is advisable to take help from a lawyer before you sign any papers. This will ensure smooth functioning of your franchise business.

Well, there are some more franchising myths, but never forget that the benefits of franchising are immense. These benefits cannot be ignored and if you really wish to get the best values of your money start looking for top franchise opportunities in the market.

Buying a franchise can be an excellent way to go into business while having the security of a tried and true business plan for success. It can take much of the trial and error out of the equation that independent business owners often go through, because you can instead work from a template of an already proven business model and focus your time on perfecting your operation. When deciding whether a franchise business is right for you, it’s important to know the basics such as how they function and what you can expect from your franchisor-franchisee relationship before you jump in any further. Here is some basic franchise business information to help you get started:

What is a Franchise? A franchise is defined as an agreement between the franchisor and franchisee, wherein the individual buying into a franchise will market a product or service created and provided by the franchisor. It is a form of business ownership where you are halfway functioning as your own boss, as a business owner, but also working within an established organization and system.  Franchising offers business owners the ability to work for themselves, but with the security of an existing framework and support to help them achieve success. However, franchising is not a magic formula, and franchisees will still have to have strong entrepreneurial skills and the dedication to ensure the business functions to the best of its ability.

The Financial Exchange:  For the privilege of working within the franchisor’s system, the franchisee must pay certain royalties and fees back to the parent company, and there can be a lot of variation from one organization to the next, so it’s best to do research in order to get the franchise business agreement that will work for you. At this stage in the process it is extremely important to have an experienced franchise lawyer to help you negotiate contracts.  In return for this financial exchange, the franchisor can provide support, marketing, and the initial framework to get the new franchise owner’s business started – again there can be variations in the level of support you will receive from one franchise business to the next, so some research and franchise evaluation will be required.  A franchise lawyer would be able to assist you in creating a comprehensive franchise evaluation report.

The Two Main Types of Franchise: When looking to buy a franchise, you will find that there are two main types to choose from, business franchise, and product/trade name distribution franchise.  For business format franchises, the franchisee receives the whole setup to start their own business, including trademarks, logos, marketing, a clearly defined business plan, as well as ongoing support from their chosen franchisor, in exchange for an upfront franchise fee and ongoing royalties. Examples of this include fast food restaurants, gyms, cleaning agencies, and copy centers, which all must be run according to the predetermined structure established by the franchisor, and maintain a set of standards laid out for them in their franchise contract. For product/trade name franchising, it is a much simpler affair, with franchisors providing a product, advertising, and branding, so that the franchisee can sell their wares in their chosen location—examples of this form of franchising include soft drinks and office supplies.

What’s the difference between franchising vs. licensing a business? The starting point in the franchising vs. licensing a business analysis is to consider the legal aspects, then the business aspects. In considering the legal aspects, begin with the following premise that applies to both options. If you put someone into business (or allow them to use your business name/mark) this transaction will normally be a regulated activity, subject to substantial penalties for noncompliance.

This guiding legal principle, coupled with the business aspects of selling a franchise vs. a license (discussed below) will answer most franchise vs. license questions. Advice from a competent franchise attorney is indispensable.

BACKGROUND OF FRANCHISE & BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY LAWS
Why does regulation exist? The government, due to documented past abuses where tens of thousands of individuals lost all of their net worth by investing in nonexistent or worthless business endeavors, has devised two principal consumer protection mechanisms:

(1) franchise disclosure-registration laws; and
(2) business opportunity laws.

The thrust of these laws is to require sellers to give potential buyers enough pre-sale information so informed investment decisions can be made before money changes hands, long-term contracts are signed and sizeable financial commitments are undertaken. Under federal regulations, a Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD) covering twenty-three individual chapters and a hundred or more pages in length must be prepared and given to every potential buyer at least 14 calendar days before any contract is signed or money paid.

It doesn’t matter what terms are used by the parties in contracts or other documents to describe their relationship. For example, the contract may call the relationship a license, a distributorship, a joint venture, independent contractors, etc., or the parties may form a limited partnership or a corporation. This is entirely irrelevant in the eyes of governmental regulators, in particular the Enforcement Division of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Their focus is not on semantics, but on whether a small number of defining elements are present or not. Today the industry is subject to a complex web of regulations that differ from the Federal level to the state level and differ widely from state to state.

Firms or individuals that say calling it a “license” dispenses with legal regulations are delusional and wrong for at least three reasons:

(1) Common Sense – if it was really that easy, everyone would would be doing it that way. The 3,000-plus companies that are franchising are not stupid. Many of them can afford the best legal talent available. It’s not a coincidence they’re all franchising and not licensing;

(2) Even if the relationship is not regulated under franchise law, business opportunity laws (discussed below) will apply, and complying with these will be a lot more expensive than going the franchise route; and

(3) Any analysis must include federal as well as applicable state laws.

This all reminds me of some financial planners who still advise clients filing U.S. income tax returns is not required under their interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. It just doesn’t work that way. Actually it only works until the IRS catches up. The “licensing avoids franchise regulation” spin (which, not surprisingly, is not accepted in the legal community) also only works until the company gets caught. The logic (not) goes something like this: licensing arises under contract law, not franchise law and therefore franchise law doesn’t apply. Sound’s just like the “you don’t have to file a tax return because tax laws don’t apply” argument.

Here’s a real life example. A “licensing attorney” prepared a dealer license agreement and ignored the FTC Franchise Rule disclosure requirements. The dealers became disgruntled and hired a litigation attorney who sued the company, not surprisingly, for selling illegal, disguised franchises. It cost the company 0,000 to go to trial in federal court to answer the question “Is this contract a franchise?” It’s always a very expensive question to answer. Trying an end run around the franchise disclosure laws by calling it a “license” may be a cheaper way to go initially. But it’s not a question of if you will be caught, the only question is when. Be prepared to spend mind-boggling amounts down the road when the disguised franchise is challenged for what it really is.

In a 2008 case, Otto Dental Supply, Inc. v. Kerr Corp., 2008 WL 410630 (E.D. Ark. 2/13/08) another disguised franchise vs. a license was at issue. The licensor claimed it sold just a license, not a franchise and the franchise laws didn’t apply. It made a motion for summary judgment to have the case thrown out of court. The federal Eastern District Court ruled against the licensor and ordered the case onward. It said whether or not the license was really a franchise was up to a jury to decide. Juries apply common sense to the simple defining elements of a franchise. They are not swayed by semantic arguments like “licensing arises under contract law, not franchise law and therefore franchise law doesn’t apply.” Another expensive franchise vs. license learning lesson.

This is not to say licensing a business isn’t a viable option in foreign (out of U.S.) transactions where U.S. laws don’t apply – but these are a very small minority. Most transactions and contracts cover U.S. activities and residents, so the franchise vs. license question is an easy one to answer. Even inside the U.S. there are some cases where calling the relationship a “license” makes sense. Years ago, a company selling education franchises to university professionals called their contract a license. To comply with applicable laws, a full franchise disclosure document was prepared and registered. For strictly marketing reasons, the “franchise agreement” was called a license agreement within the franchise disclosure document.

The list of required defining elements is quite short, and although certain franchise exemptions and exclusions are available, the franchise statutory framework was designed to pigeonhole these relationships into either a franchise or business opportunity box. Normal license agreements contain certain “control” provisions (right to audit, require reports, mandate suppliers, etc.) and the presence of ANY control or assistance provision (operations manual, training, site or other assistance) is enough to satisfy these elements of the Rule. In fact, the title of the FTC Rule says it all: “Disclosure Requirements & Prohibitions Concerning Franchising and Business Opportunity Ventures.” So, the focus must be on which box is better to use, not on how to avoid using either box.

THE FRANCHISE BOX – REGULATION BY THE FEDS
Let’s consider the franchise box. Under FTC regulations that became effective in 1979 a thick document (now called a Franchise Disclosure Document) must be prepared and given to prospective buyers for a minimum of 14 calendar days before any money is paid or contracts are signed. This document now contains 23 items or chapters of information, as well as current financial statements and a copy of the actual contracts used.

As mentioned, this document is designed to give prospective buyers enough pre-sale information about the company, its financial condition, the proposed contract, investment requirements, trademark rights, exclusive territories, etc.,so informed decisions can be made before long-term contracts are signed. For companies that attempt to disregard federal law, the FTC Act authorizes the Commission to recover civil penalties of up to ,000 for each violation of its Rule, plus injunctive relief, consumer redress (obtaining complete refunds, canceling contracts), etc. Because each sale can involve multiple violations of various regulatory provisions, these fines can be substantial and far outweigh the cost of doing it right the first time.

Selling a disguised franchise (an illegal franchise) as a “license” can be the most expensive mistake a company ever makes. One need only consult the franchise registration filings of various states to see the significant number of companies that fall into this trap. They started out selling “licenses,” operating under misguided advice, in a vain attempt to save money. Then, they either get sued for selling an unregistered or illegal franchise. Or they finally get competent legal advice that what they’ve really sold are disguised franchises, even though they were called a “license.” The governmental agencies require them to offer full rescission rights (cancel the license, refund all money that’s changed hands) to all persons they’ve sold “licenses” to. Defenses like “we didn’t sell a franchise, we only sold a license” or “it’s a license and a license arises under contract law, not franchise law” just don’t work and never have. In the end, they pay a lot more to have it done the way it should have from the very beginning. And for those disguised franchise owners who usually exercise their “let’s get out of this license contract” rights given to them by the regulatory agencies, the sellers end up putting them into the business for free plus having to refund all the money they paid. Not a pretty picture.

STATE REGULATION OF FRANCHISING
Because regulation of franchising is at the federal and state level, the effect of state regulation must also be considered. The FTC Rule sets minimum standards and applies in all states, unless a particular state sets higher standards, and then that state’s law applies. In 1971, eight years before the FTC Rule went into effect, the State of California was the first to enact a franchise disclosure-registration law where a franchise registration process is required before franchises can be offered (i.e. advertised) or sold. The California Franchise Investment Law was in response to a wave of consumer franchise complaints. Other states soon followed California’s lead, leading to a situation where franchise companies had to follow different rules in each franchise registration state.

To alleviate these difficulties and achieve a uniform format, a group of Securities Commissioners from various states adopted a Uniform Franchise Regulation, effective in 1977, known as the Uniform Franchise Offering Circular (UFOC) format. All states requiring franchise registration followed the UFOC format, a thick document also containing 23 chapters of information. None of these states accepted what was then known as the FTC’s Basic Disclosure Document. To ease the obvious predicament created by UFOC vs. FTC format, the FTC allowed companies to use the UFOC format as an alternate to its Basic Disclosure Document. In 2007, the FTC adopted its own version of the UFOC format, known as the Franchise Disclosure Document or FDD. The FDD format is the required format in all states beginning July 1, 2008.

FRANCHISE BOX SUMMARY
Bottom line on the franchise box: By preparing a single franchise disclosure document (at a cost of about ,000), a company satisfies the federal requirement and is positioned to offer and sell franchises throughout the United States. Although certain state-specific information and disclosures may be required in the minority of states having a franchise registration-review process, this can normally be accomplished in a couple of extra hours per state.

THE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BOX
Now, let’s consider the business opportunity box. At the state level, there are approximately 24 states that regulate and register business opportunities. Unlike the franchise box, there is no such thing as a uniform business opportunity disclosure format. Business opportunity rules and registration requirements differ in each business opportunity state. Many of these states also have a “cooling off” period, usually a couple days after the sale where buyers can change their mind for any reason and receive a full refund.

For a company that’s going the business opportunity route two different documents may need to be prepared and provided: the FTC’s Basic Disclosure Document (if the business opportunity fits the FTC’s definition of a business opportunity) and a state’s more abbreviated business opportunity disclosure document. Also, different timelines may need to be observed: the FTC’s 14 calendar days before, and a business opportunity state’s cooling off period after.

Bottom line on the business opportunity box – if you’re an attorney with a business opportunity or “licensing” client, get ready for hundreds of billable hours, you’ve just landed a big one. But, if you’re the business paying the legal bills, it’s going to be a lot less money to go the franchise route. Prepare a single, Franchise Disclosure Document, register in a state or two as expansion efforts begin, and you’re essentially done.

There are also other factors to consider in the franchise vs. business opportunity analysis, including liability issues (definitely a greater risk in the franchise arena) but these are beyond the scope of this article, which is not intended to offer legal advice. Companies should consult with competent, informed legal counsel about the specifics of their particular situation before making any decision.

THE BUSINESS ASPECTS OF FRANCHISING VS. LICENSING A BUSINESS
The business aspects of the franchise vs. license and business opportunity options are relatively straightforward. It all boils down to image from a marketing standpoint. From a credibility standpoint, does your company want to stand toe to toe with the likes of McDonalds, Radio Shack, H & R Block and other franchised household names? These are the mental images formed in the mind when an average consumer hears the word franchise, along with familiar, highly advertised slogans like “being in business for yourself, but not by yourself,” “complete training,” “support where and when you need it,” etc.

This, coupled with the complete package of training, start up and ongoing support services offered by franchise companies, makes a franchise a more attractive commodity in the eyes of the prospective buyer and an easier sale. The same applies to firms that first sold “licenses” then switched to selling “franchises.” These companies report they attracted considerable interest and far more inquiries when offering “franchises” compared to when they offered “licenses.” So, even from a business standpoint, the franchising vs. licensing a business question is easy to answer. In addition, and as discussed above, a “license” is almost always a franchise in disguise, a ticking bomb creating significant legal issues if the FTC Rule (and corresponding state franchise registration laws) are not followed.

THE BUSINESS ASPECTS OF FRANCHISING VS. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
Business opportunity ventures, when compared to franchises, suffer from definite image problems that translate into difficult marketing issues. If you ever need proof of this, just attend any business opportunity show or expo. You’ll see a host of fly-by-night opportunities such as worm breeding in backyards, exotic plants raised in glass bowls, condom vending machines (not a bad idea these days) and the like all promoted by fast-talking, high pressure salespersons. Does your company really want to be associated with these companies and the reputation they project? Poor image, coupled with the fact that business opportunity ventures typically provide little training and no ongoing support, make them a much more difficult sale to prospective buyers. In a business opportunity, the buyer is just thrown a ball, and it’s entirely up to them how to run with it.

CONCLUDING REMARKS
From both a legal and business perspective, the franchise vs. license choice is an easy one to make. Doing it right the first time will save money and significant legal headaches down the road. The individuals prevalent on the internet who claim (via very unprofessional-looking websites) that merely calling the relationship a “license,” are only selling a future lawsuit. They are not looking through the lens of an expert with almost three decades of experience who has seen first-hand the havoc these “disguised” franchises cause. Instead, they are attempting to make easy money – at your expense. From the most basic, common sense perspective, if it looks like a Duck, talks like a Duck and walks like a Duck – . . . it’s a Duck.

© 1990-2009, Kevin B. Murphy, B.S., M.B.A., J.D. – all rights reserved.

What’s the difference between franchising vs. licensing a business? The starting point in the franchising vs. licensing a business analysis is to consider the legal aspects, then the business aspects. In considering the legal aspects, begin with the following premise that applies to both options. If you put someone into business (or allow them to use your business name/mark) this transaction will normally be a regulated activity, subject to substantial penalties for noncompliance.

This guiding legal principle, coupled with the business aspects of selling a franchise vs. a license (discussed below) will answer most franchise vs. license questions. Advice from a competent franchise attorney is indispensable.

BACKGROUND OF FRANCHISE & BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY LAWS Why does regulation exist? The government, due to documented past abuses where tens of thousands of individuals lost all of their net worth by investing in nonexistent or worthless business endeavors, has devised two principal consumer protection mechanisms:

(1) franchise disclosure-registration laws; and (2) business opportunity laws.

The thrust of these laws is to require sellers to give potential buyers enough pre-sale information so informed investment decisions can be made before money changes hands, long-term contracts are signed and sizeable financial commitments are undertaken. Under federal regulations, a Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD) covering twenty-three individual chapters and a hundred or more pages in length must be prepared and given to every potential buyer at least 14 calendar days before any contract is signed or money paid.

It doesn’t matter what terms are used by the parties in contracts or other documents to describe their relationship. For example, the contract may call the relationship a license, a distributorship, a joint venture, independent contractors, etc., or the parties may form a limited partnership or a corporation. This is entirely irrelevant in the eyes of governmental regulators, in particular the Enforcement Division of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Their focus is not on semantics, but on whether a small number of defining elements are present or not. Today the industry is subject to a complex web of regulations that differ from the Federal level to the state level and differ widely from state to state.

Firms or individuals that say calling it a “license” dispenses with legal regulations are delusional and wrong for at least three reasons:

(1) Common Sense – if it was really that easy, everyone would would be doing it that way. The 3,000-plus companies that are franchising are not stupid. Many of them can afford the best legal talent available. It’s not a coincidence they’re all franchising and not licensing;

(2) Even if the relationship is not regulated under franchise law, business opportunity laws (discussed below) will apply, and complying with these will be a lot more expensive than going the franchise route; and

(3) Any analysis must include federal as well as applicable state laws.

This all reminds me of some financial planners who still advise clients filing U.S. income tax returns is not required under their interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. It just doesn’t work that way. Actually it only works until the IRS catches up. The “licensing avoids franchise regulation” spin (which, not surprisingly, is not accepted in the legal community) also only works until the company gets caught. The logic (not) goes something like this: licensing arises under contract law, not franchise law and therefore franchise law doesn’t apply. Sound’s just like the “you don’t have to file a tax return because tax laws don’t apply” argument.

Here’s a real life example. A “licensing attorney” prepared a dealer license agreement and ignored the FTC Franchise Rule disclosure requirements. The dealers became disgruntled and hired a litigation attorney who sued the company, not surprisingly, for selling illegal, disguised franchises. It cost the company $750,000 to go to trial in federal court to answer the question “Is this contract a franchise?” It’s always a very expensive question to answer. Trying an end run around the franchise disclosure laws by calling it a “license” may be a cheaper way to go initially. But it’s not a question of if you will be caught, the only question is when. Be prepared to spend mind-boggling amounts down the road when the disguised franchise is challenged for what it really is.

In a 2008 case, Otto Dental Supply, Inc. v. Kerr Corp., 2008 WL 410630 (E.D. Ark. 2/13/08) another disguised franchise vs. a license was at issue. The licensor claimed it sold just a license, not a franchise and the franchise laws didn’t apply. It made a motion for summary judgment to have the case thrown out of court. The federal Eastern District Court ruled against the licensor and ordered the case onward. It said whether or not the license was really a franchise was up to a jury to decide. Juries apply common sense to the simple defining elements of a franchise. They are not swayed by semantic arguments like “licensing arises under contract law, not franchise law and therefore franchise law doesn’t apply.” Another expensive franchise vs. license learning lesson.

This is not to say licensing a business isn’t a viable option in foreign (out of U.S.) transactions where U.S. laws don’t apply – but these are a very small minority. Most transactions and contracts cover U.S. activities and residents, so the franchise vs. license question is an easy one to answer. Even inside the U.S. there are some cases where calling the relationship a “license” makes sense. Years ago, a company selling education franchises to university professionals called their contract a license. To comply with applicable laws, a full franchise disclosure document was prepared and registered. For strictly marketing reasons, the “franchise agreement” was called a license agreement within the franchise disclosure document.

The list of required defining elements is quite short, and although certain franchise exemptions and exclusions are available, the franchise statutory framework was designed to pigeonhole these relationships into either a franchise or business opportunity box. Normal license agreements contain certain “control” provisions (right to audit, require reports, mandate suppliers, etc.) and the presence of ANY control or assistance provision (operations manual, training, site or other assistance) is enough to satisfy these elements of the Rule. In fact, the title of the FTC Rule says it all: “Disclosure Requirements & Prohibitions Concerning Franchising and Business Opportunity Ventures.” So, the focus must be on which box is better to use, not on how to avoid using either box.

THE FRANCHISE BOX – REGULATION BY THE FEDS Let’s consider the franchise box. Under FTC regulations that became effective in 1979 a thick document (now called a Franchise Disclosure Document) must be prepared and given to prospective buyers for a minimum of 14 calendar days before any money is paid or contracts are signed. This document now contains 23 items or chapters of information, as well as current financial statements and a copy of the actual contracts used.

As mentioned, this document is designed to give prospective buyers enough pre-sale information about the company, its financial condition, the proposed contract, investment requirements, trademark rights, exclusive territories, etc.,so informed decisions can be made before long-term contracts are signed. For companies that attempt to disregard federal law, the FTC Act authorizes the Commission to recover civil penalties of up to $10,000 for each violation of its Rule, plus injunctive relief, consumer redress (obtaining complete refunds, canceling contracts), etc. Because each sale can involve multiple violations of various regulatory provisions, these fines can be substantial and far outweigh the cost of doing it right the first time.

Selling a disguised franchise (an illegal franchise) as a “license” can be the most expensive mistake a company ever makes. One need only consult the franchise registration filings of various states to see the significant number of companies that fall into this trap. They started out selling “licenses,” operating under misguided advice, in a vain attempt to save money. Then, they either get sued for selling an unregistered or illegal franchise. Or they finally get competent legal advice that what they’ve really sold are disguised franchises, even though they were called a “license.” The governmental agencies require them to offer full rescission rights (cancel the license, refund all money that’s changed hands) to all persons they’ve sold “licenses” to. Defenses like “we didn’t sell a franchise, we only sold a license” or “it’s a license and a license arises under contract law, not franchise law” just don’t work and never have. In the end, they pay a lot more to have it done the way it should have from the very beginning. And for those disguised franchise owners who usually exercise their “let’s get out of this license contract” rights given to them by the regulatory agencies, the sellers end up putting them into the business for free plus having to refund all the money they paid. Not a pretty picture.

STATE REGULATION OF FRANCHISING Because regulation of franchising is at the federal and state level, the effect of state regulation must also be considered. The FTC Rule sets minimum standards and applies in all states, unless a particular state sets higher standards, and then that state’s law applies. In 1971, eight years before the FTC Rule went into effect, the State of California was the first to enact a franchise disclosure-registration law where a franchise registration process is required before franchises can be offered (i.e. advertised) or sold. The California Franchise Investment Law was in response to a wave of consumer franchise complaints. Other states soon followed California’s lead, leading to a situation where franchise companies had to follow different rules in each franchise registration state.

To alleviate these difficulties and achieve a uniform format, a group of Securities Commissioners from various states adopted a Uniform Franchise Regulation, effective in 1977, known as the Uniform Franchise Offering Circular (UFOC) format. All states requiring franchise registration followed the UFOC format, a thick document also containing 23 chapters of information. None of these states accepted what was then known as the FTC’s Basic Disclosure Document. To ease the obvious predicament created by UFOC vs. FTC format, the FTC allowed companies to use the UFOC format as an alternate to its Basic Disclosure Document. In 2007, the FTC adopted its own version of the UFOC format, known as the Franchise Disclosure Document or FDD. The FDD format is the required format in all states beginning July 1, 2008.

FRANCHISE BOX SUMMARY Bottom line on the franchise box: By preparing a single franchise disclosure document (at a cost of about $30,000), a company satisfies the federal requirement and is positioned to offer and sell franchises throughout the United States. Although certain state-specific information and disclosures may be required in the minority of states having a franchise registration-review process, this can normally be accomplished in a couple of extra hours per state.

THE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BOX Now, let’s consider the business opportunity box. At the state level, there are approximately 24 states that regulate and register business opportunities. Unlike the franchise box, there is no such thing as a uniform business opportunity disclosure format. Business opportunity rules and registration requirements differ in each business opportunity state. Many of these states also have a “cooling off” period, usually a couple days after the sale where buyers can change their mind for any reason and receive a full refund.

For a company that’s going the business opportunity route two different documents may need to be prepared and provided: the FTC’s Basic Disclosure Document (if the business opportunity fits the FTC’s definition of a business opportunity) and a state’s more abbreviated business opportunity disclosure document. Also, different timelines may need to be observed: the FTC’s 14 calendar days before, and a business opportunity state’s cooling off period after.

Bottom line on the business opportunity box – if you’re an attorney with a business opportunity or “licensing” client, get ready for hundreds of billable hours, you’ve just landed a big one. But, if you’re the business paying the legal bills, it’s going to be a lot less money to go the franchise route. Prepare a single, Franchise Disclosure Document, register in a state or two as expansion efforts begin, and you’re essentially done.

There are also other factors to consider in the franchise vs. business opportunity analysis, including liability issues (definitely a greater risk in the franchise arena) but these are beyond the scope of this article, which is not intended to offer legal advice. Companies should consult with competent, informed legal counsel about the specifics of their particular situation before making any decision.

THE BUSINESS ASPECTS OF FRANCHISING VS. LICENSING A BUSINESS The business aspects of the franchise vs. license and business opportunity options are relatively straightforward. It all boils down to image from a marketing standpoint. From a credibility standpoint, does your company want to stand toe to toe with the likes of McDonalds, Radio Shack, H & R Block and other franchised household names? These are the mental images formed in the mind when an average consumer hears the word franchise, along with familiar, highly advertised slogans like “being in business for yourself, but not by yourself,” “complete training,” “support where and when you need it,” etc.

This, coupled with the complete package of training, start up and ongoing support services offered by franchise companies, makes a franchise a more attractive commodity in the eyes of the prospective buyer and an easier sale. The same applies to firms that first sold “licenses” then switched to selling “franchises.” These companies report they attracted considerable interest and far more inquiries when offering “franchises” compared to when they offered “licenses.” So, even from a business standpoint, the franchising vs. licensing a business question is easy to answer. In addition, and as discussed above, a “license” is almost always a franchise in disguise, a ticking bomb creating significant legal issues if the FTC Rule (and corresponding state franchise registration laws) are not followed.

THE BUSINESS ASPECTS OF FRANCHISING VS. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES Business opportunity ventures, when compared to franchises, suffer from definite image problems that translate into difficult marketing issues. If you ever need proof of this, just attend any business opportunity show or expo. You’ll see a host of fly-by-night opportunities such as worm breeding in backyards, exotic plants raised in glass bowls, condom vending machines (not a bad idea these days) and the like all promoted by fast-talking, high pressure salespersons. Does your company really want to be associated with these companies and the reputation they project? Poor image, coupled with the fact that business opportunity ventures typically provide little training and no ongoing support, make them a much more difficult sale to prospective buyers. In a business opportunity, the buyer is just thrown a ball, and it’s entirely up to them how to run with it.

CONCLUDING REMARKS From both a legal and business perspective, the franchise vs. license choice is an easy one to make. Doing it right the first time will save money and significant legal headaches down the road. The individuals prevalent on the internet who claim (via very unprofessional-looking websites) that merely calling the relationship a “license,” are only selling a future lawsuit. They are not looking through the lens of an expert with almost three decades of experience who has seen first-hand the havoc these “disguised” franchises cause. Instead, they are attempting to make easy money – at your expense. From the most basic, common sense perspective, if it looks like a Duck, talks like a Duck and walks like a Duck – . . . it’s a Duck.

© 1990-2009, Kevin B. Murphy, B.S., M.B.A., J.D. – all rights reserved.